Pomegranate cultivation techniques
(I) Cultivation Value The pomegranate is the fruit of the Mid-Autumn Festival in China. Folks often regard it as a symbol of good fortune and celebration. Fresh fruits contain more vitamin C, sugar, malic acid, and phosphorus, calcium and other minerals, and have higher nutritional value. Juices can be processed into high-quality cool drinks. Chinese medicine believes that pomegranate is sweet, sour, warm, astringent, non-toxic, and has good health and therapeutic effects on acute tonsillitis, pharyngitis, and aphthous ulcers. The pomegranate strains are short and small, with a beautiful flowering leaf and a long flowering period. They have the same fruit and fruitfulness. They are extremely ornamental in the courtyard and are an outstanding tree species for greening and beautifying the garden. In addition, the pomegranate is resistant to salt and salt, and it is also a good tree species for the development of economy in gentle hilly areas and coastal areas. (b) Major species and varieties Pomegranate is a pomegranate family. In the cultivation of fruit trees, there is only one type of pomegranate, namely Punicagranatum, which is used for ornamental purposes. There are also flowers such as pomegranate and pomegranate. There are many pomegranate varieties cultivated throughout China. There are two kinds of sweet and sour granules according to the flavor of the granules: white skin, green skin, red skin, brown skin, thin skin and thick skin according to the skin color and thickness; jade seeds, agate seeds, Soft, big son and other types. Varieties are basically named according to the above characteristics, because they have not been collated, among which there may be synonyms. The main varieties of the Huaibei region and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River are: Pi Xipi, Suzhou, Huaiyuan's pink skin, greenish rough, pomegranate, agate and jadeite; Dahongpao and Tongbi of Tongshan, Jiangsu Province; and green pomegranate near Nanjing. Red skin pomegranate; Shandong Red County Pixian sweet (Blush 1), Daqingpi sweet and soft-core pomegranate and so on. When choosing a variety, in addition to considering the size and quality of the fruit, it should be comprehensively evaluated in terms of adaptability to terroir, pests and diseases, and whether it is easy to crack fruits and storage. (c) Growth Results Habits Pomegranate is a deciduous small tree or shrub. The root system is shallow and the distribution range is small, so it is easy to sprout. There are many branches on the ground, and the tips of the branches often become acupunctures. In the Yangtze River and the Huai River basin, it can be used for 2 or 3 times a year, followed by spring shoots, summer shoots, and autumn shoots. After each bud shoot, the long branches of the apex expanded the canopy, and the short branches that developed in the middle and lower parts could be transformed into the resulting mother shoots, and mixed buds were planted at the front end. The long branches and leggy branches are more abandoned than the top buds. Pomegranate buds have a long lifespan. When the big branches droop due to the result, they often produce upright branches from the back and naturally renew the crown. Pomegranate in Xiaochun is pumped from mixed buds to shoot short shoots to flower. As a result, the branches have been pumping from spring to summer, and the pomegranate tree has gradually blossomed from spring to summer. The flowering period can often be extended for two to three months. Fruiting shoots with spring shoots, especially flowering fruit buds with budding shoots from the mother bud, are the most reliable. The summer and autumn shoots result in late flowering of the branches, and the results are often poorer or less true. After the result of the branch, the new branch was made from the lower part of the mother branch in the second year, and a new result mother branch was formed again. If the results of lateral flowers between the leaves, the top tip can continue to grow. When the pomegranate plants are overgrown, they will also be large and small. One flower to several flowers were born between the top of the new shoot and the lower leaves, with the highest rate of top flowers. Bisexual, but often degenerate flowers appear. According to surveys, plants that normally produce 20 to 30 years of age only spend about 10% of their total flowers. Plants that grow between 50 and 60 years only account for about 5%. In the degraded flowers, the pistil showed various degrees of degradation until it almost disappeared. This can be distinguished from the appearance before flowering. The lower end of the normal flower bud is blunt and its knot strength is high; the lower part of the degenerate bud is sharp and can not be strong, it is invalid, and it falls off. Early elimination of degraded flowers can save tree nutrients and increase the rate of complete flowering. The degradation of pomegranate flower is related to the variety and tree nutrient. Strong tree vigor, resulting in stubborn mother branches, less degenerated flowers, more normal flowers; weak tree vigor, the result of the mother branch slender, and the serious degradation of the flower. (D) Cultivation techniques 1. The propagation and planting of pomegranate branches are very easy to take root, and seedlings can be propagated by cutting, layering, and ramifying methods, and cutting methods are often used in production. The cuttings are best filled with full-grown biennials. The cuttings are about 20 cm long, cut into horse ears at the bottom, and cut off the upper twigs. Robust annual branches can also be used as cuttings. Older shoots have a low survival rate and should not be used. Hard-tech cutting in the Huaibei region and the Yangtze River basin should be able to grasp the stable rise in temperature in mid-to-late March. Covering the ground with a plastic film (exposing cuttings) will help increase the temperature. After a month or so, you can take root and survive. In addition, the use of semi-woody branches in the early growing season for green branch cuttings in the rainy season, the survival rate is also high. Pomegranate does not require strict planting sites. Planting distance depends on the growth potential of the species and soil fat. Lines are allowed to use (3 ~ 5) meters, (3 ~ 4) meters. Planting a well-managed pomegranate tree, flowering after 3 to 4 years of planting, and about 10 years into the full fruit period. 2. The pomegranate tree that grows in the shape of a puppet grows and branches often grow, and the sprigs in the canopy are cluttered. During plastic surgery, you can leave it up as required. Regularly remove the remaining sprouts, and dry and short at 80 cm to 100 cm in the main trunk, and then divide 3 to 4 main branches in the upper part to gradually cultivate a natural round crown. It is also possible to leave 3 to 5 branches directly from the near surface without culture, to form a multi-dried trunk-like canopy. Pomegranate tree joy. On the basis of plasticity, every year in the fall, roots should be cut off, sparse branches, overlying branches, leggy branches and thin and weak branches in the crown should be removed, and the branches in the crown should be sparsely and evenly distributed, with good ventilation and light transmission. For some strong varieties, special attention should be paid. In addition to a few short cuts, the pomegranate tree is rarely short. For fruiting branches, the upper part can be trimmed to promote renewal. In case of pendulous shoots, they should be properly shrunk. When the tree shows the phenomenon of aging, it is heavier shrinking and cutting part of the aging branch, at the same time with the increase of fertilization water, the use of budding buds occur, gradually update the crown to continue the results. 3. The management of fertilizer and water and the formation of defrosting pomegranate degraded flowers are directly related to the storage of nutrients in autumn trees. Applying basal fertiliser in the fall and applying the available nitrogen can greatly increase the proportion of complete flowers. In addition, the strengthening of the leaf protection work in the fall and the circumcision and girdling of the juvenile tree have the same effect, which also improves the fruiting rate. The combination of gibberellin with a spray rate of 500 parts per million (ppm) at the flowering stage is particularly effective in improving fruiting rate and can promote the development of young fruit. Top dressing is applied before and after the spring sprouting and during the period of rapid fruit growth. The soil should be kept dry during the first half of the fruit ripening to enhance the storability of the fruit and avoid the occurrence of cracking. Pomegranate garden often cultivating loose soil, can make the skin beautiful color, improve quality flavor. When the drought is not irrigated, it can be covered with grass to prevent drought. In the event that the pomegranate tree prolonged the flowering result, the controlled nitrogen was added to the phosphorus, and the partial rooting was performed to remove the root, or a 0.1% concentration of paclobutrazol solution was sprayed to promote flowering. Pomegranate prefers a warm climate, although the dormant period can withstand short-term low temperature, but it is not resistant to freezing. When the winter temperature drops to 15 degrees to 17 degrees, freezing damage may occur. Antifreeze work should be done well in winter in Huaibei area. Pomegranate tree roots have strong cold resistance, and winter rhizosphere cultivation can effectively prevent freezing. Once it is frozen on the ground, the frozen part is sawed off and the fertilized water is added, which means it can regenerate new branches from the rhizosphere, and the production can be resumed after 3 to 4 years. If necessary, the branches can be secured with straw and plastic film bundles. (5) Major diseases and pests and their control Pomegranates have fewer pests and diseases, and common diseases and diseases include dry-leg disease, peach aphid, and pomegranate stem moth. (1) Dry rot: The damage is slightly new, and the flowers and fruits are endangered, causing a lot of rotten fruit during storage. Production can be from the bud, the beginning of flowering, the pomegranate tree with severe incidence of 160 to 180 times the equivalent amount of Bordeaux Bordeaux solution to protect the new shoots and flowers. Spray 2 to 3 times in intervals of 15 to 20 days. (2) Myzus persicae: mainly using the characteristics that it likes to lay eggs and pods in the pomegranate hoe and the two fruit junctions, it can be made of 50% of the 1,000 times that of yamatsu or 90% of trichlorfon. The cotton balls blocked the tube, or sprayed these parts l ~ 2 times, and combined with artificial removal of fruit. (3) Pomegranate Syringa moth: The insect is mainly cut off in time and burned. In the hatching period of egg hatching, 2.5% of the enemy kills 3000 times of the liquid, and the larvae in the injured branches of 2 to 3 years old are killed. (6) The harvesting and storage of pomegranate fruit during the maturation period is not uniform, and harvesting should be carried out in batches. The fully ripened fruits turned bright, the coloring of the whole fruit was even, and the difference in the color of the yin and yang face was reduced. Some fruit-side ribs became more and more obvious. Harvest should be chosen sunny. The storage of fruits depends on the maturity of the varieties and the thickness of the peel. Precocious varieties and thin skin varieties are more resistant to storage and should be sold with them. The medium- and late-maturing varieties, especially those with heavy skin and sour taste, can be properly stored and prolonged as long as they are fully matured. When a small amount of pomegranate is stored, the altar can be used, and the wet sand with a moisture content of about 5% is mixed with the pomegranate, and the central one is erected to facilitate ventilation. Covered with a layer of wet sand. Keep it fresh as you need it. When stored in large quantities, it can be stored indoors or in pit storage. Check every 15 to 20 days during storage, and take it with you for 2 to 3 months. According to tests, the effect of single-fruit packaging for household plastic bags is also very good, and the storage period is more than 50 days. If 50% Carbendazim 1000 times solution or Preservative No. 2 1000 times liquid is used for fruit soaking for 10 minutes before packaging, then it will be dried and then packaged. The effect of preservation and preservation will be better.