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Winter season production of off season vegetables
The production of off-season vegetables in winter is one of the effective ways to guarantee the annual supply of vegetables. Mainly refers to spring and summer vegetables after the fall and early spring production, planting must take cold measures to achieve the purpose of the morning market. (i) Locations The areas where winter season off-season vegetable production is selected require the choice of locations where the climate is warm, sunny, at low elevations or hills in the plains, convenient water sources, suitable soil conditions, and wind barriers as much as possible (eg, high mountains to the north Barriers or other buildings) to avoid the direct attack of cold wind. (B) Variety selection Winter season anti-season vegetable production should choose cold-resistant, disease-resistant, and early-maturing varieties. After the late autumn, the varieties also require seedling heat resistance. For example, there are Pepper No. 4, No. 5, No. 5, No. 9 Xiangyan, No. 10 Xiangyan, No. 11 Xiangyan No. 1, No. 2 Guangjiao, No. 4 No. 4, No. 1 Fengjian and No. 2 Fengjian of eggplant. , Cucumber is mixed with cucumber No. 3, Jin No. 4 cucumber, No. 4 Jinchun cucumber, early green generation of summer squash, etc. are all good protected cultivars. (III) High-quality and high-efficiency cultivation techniques 1. Winter greenhouse vegetable insulation and cold-proof nutrition Seedling raising: The black plastic nutrition bowl has the functions of absorbing heat during the day and protecting the roots at night. In Yangshuo, plastic nursery seedlings are placed and the outside temperature is at -10°C. When left and right, the temperature in the bowl is 6-7°C, the temperature in the bowl is about 10°C, and the seedlings can grow slowly without freezing injury. Preparation of hot nutrient soil: chicken manure is a hot manure, cow dung is a rich mucus permeability of manure, the two take 20% after each, mix fine soil 60%. This kind of nutrient soil has good heat-absorption and heat-generating properties, and the seedlings have good ecological environment, developed root systems, strong absorption capacity, and strong frost-tolerant plants. • Irrigation of roots with rooting roots at the time of seedling separation: Rooting compounds are reasonably formulated with calcium, phosphorus, zinc, and other nutrients associated with long roots. Calcium determines the thickness of the root system, phosphorus determines the number of root systems, and zinc determines the growth rate and length of the root system. After using the rooting agent, the root system can increase about 70%, and the deep root system can increase 25%. With a well-developed roots and strong absorptive capacity, it will not suffer from cold-resistance and frostbite. ?? Foot water insulation antifreeze damage: moisture than air, high heat, slow heat. In winter, the indoor soil moisture content is moderate, and the pores in the cultivation layer are finely cracked, the root system is not suspended, the soil is kept warm, and the root system is free from freezing damage. Therefore, seedlings are often caused by lack of water due to frost damage. Therefore, pouring enough water before winter or selecting good weather (water can be watered above 20°C) can prevent freezing injury. The cultivator insulation and cold-proof: the ground panel knots, daytime hot gas access to the tillage layer is limited, the soil heat energy is less, and the cracks in the compacted soil are large and deep, the granule structure is poor, the former night is easy to lose heat, and the lower temperature at the latter part of the night is easy to cause freezing damage. The shallow cultivator can break the ground and combine the cracks, which can not only control the transpiration of the groundwater and take away the heat energy, but also protect the earthworms, keep warm, keep cold and keep seedlings. Foliar spraying nutrients for cold resistance: low winter temperatures, weak light, weak root absorption capacity, and sprayed photosynthetic micronutrients on the leaves, which can complement the lack of nutrients caused by insufficient nutrients in the root system. Foliar sprayed rice vinegar can inhibit bacteria and insects, and mixed with sugar and superphosphate, can increase the degree of sugar and hardness of mesophyll, and improve cold resistance. After the freeze injury, the leaf surface is basically atrophic, and the vinegar can ease the damage. It is advisable to use 100 to 300 times liquid, with little or no growth hormones to prevent cold resistance. After repeated sunny days, the seedlings on sunny days: The maximum temperature in winter sheds can reach above 32°C in winter. At this time, the air should be repeatedly ventilated, so that the temperature difference between indoor and outdoor can be reduced, so that the plants can adapt to the environment slowly and grow robustly. Beware of a long day and catch cold on the 10th, causing flash sprouting and freezing injury. • Supplemental CO2: The ratio of carbon and nitrogen production to crops is 1:1, and the ratio of crops to carbon and nitrogen ratios is 30:1. At present, most farmers understand the effect of nitrogen production but neglect the effect of carbon production. . The vegetables in the winter greenhouses are easy to grow yellow. After the sun comes out, the carbon dioxide produced by the decomposition of the night crops and microorganisms in the soil can be absorbed at 1 hour. At around 12 o'clock, it is in a carbon starvation state. When the temperature is high, the greenhouse film can be opened and closed. Into the outside world carbon dioxide, increase resistance and yield. Closing the greenhouse when the temperature is low, artificially replenishing carbon dioxide, can increase the cold resistance of the crop, and greatly increase production. Timely cover and heat preservation: general greenhouse, heat storage during the day, temperature, indoor release of energy accounted for 50% to 60% of the total indoor; soil heat absorption accounted for 20% to 30%; space heat accounted for 20% to 30% . According to the temperature of the day, room temperature may be maintained at about 18°C ​​after 1 hour. If it is higher than 18°C, it can be covered later. If it is lower than 18°C, it should be covered earlier. Selection of rice straw: straw rice straw thermal conductivity than the lower heat conductivity of prairie grass, good protection of the surrounding cold, combined with rice straw texture soft and dense, can reduce conductive heat loss, indoor minimum night temperature can be increased by 2 ~ 3 °C. Cover multi-layer insulation: seedlings in greenhouses, covered with thin film on the seedbed, and then support a small arch at a height of 1 meter. At night, outside the small arch or 20 centimeters from the greenhouse, cover a thin film. In this way, all kinds of seedlings can be bred without heating. After planting, the ground ridges are covered with plastic film to control the temperature and humidity, but do not seal the ground, leaving 15 to 20 centimeters, so that the thermal energy stored in the soil during the day, at night, slowly radiate through space without facing the ground, so that the morning 5 ~ At 7 o'clock the minimum temperature increases by 1 to 2°C. Cover a layer of film outside the grasshopper, or support a film 20 centimeters away from the film, to form an insulation layer, which can increase the temperature of 1~3°C. ? Use of purple film: In the winter sun spectrum, ultraviolet light is only about 5% of summer. The white film does not transmit ultraviolet rays, and the violet film penetrates ultraviolet rays. Ultraviolet spectrum can suppress bactericidal, control plant growth and promote nutrient accumulation. The room temperature of the purple film before and after the winter solstice is 2~3°C higher than that of the green film. Lights to add light: install the lights, turn on the lights early and late on cloudy days, fill the vegetables with seedlings for 3 to 4 hours, add sunlight for 15 to 18 hours each day, turn off the lights every night for 6 to 8 hours, let it dark The reaction can increase production by 10% to 40% and shorten the vegetative growth period by 17 to 21 days. 2. Plastic film covering covers the ground with plastic film, which can increase ground temperature, inhibit soil moisture evaporation, maintain soil moisture, improve soil physical properties, loosen soil, inhibit weed growth, and facilitate root growth. Film mulching cultivation is a precocious high-yielding cultivation technology measure. The following points must be taken into account when mulching film is grown: (1) Site preparation must be done strictly in accordance with requirements. During the growing season, no cultivating tillage is generally performed to ensure that the mulching film adheres to the soil surface. Therefore, weeds and debris, such as defoliation, should be removed during site preparation. The debris should be crushed and leveled to form a turtleback shape so as to tighten the mulching film and stick to the ground. (2) Apply base fertilizer. Covering with mulch film will bring difficulty and inconvenience to top dressing. Therefore, it is necessary to apply enough organic fertilizer with sufficient time delay in the preparation of land, and add ash and ash. Sorghum must be formed in order to store more organic fertilizer. Seeding method and top dressing: When using mulch film covering, after covering, soaking, use a knife to place a “10†character at the sowing position or horizontally draw a “1†shape, then sow, cover with fine soil, and press the sowing hole together with the mulching film. tight. If it is covered with a plastic film after sowing, it must be timely broken after the seed is unearthed. The melons and solanaceous vegetables transplanted with seedlings can be planted first, and then the seedlings can be covered with a well-grounded mulch, or the method of covering the mulch first and then perforating and colonization can be used. After the mulch is covered, the edge of the membrane shall be compacted with soil and a layer of soil or a long strip of earth shall be pressed on the membrane every 30 to 40 cm to prevent the wind from uncovering the membrane. When top dressing is required, watering fertilizer can be punched on the mulch away from the rhizosphere. 3. Downy mildew diseases, epidemics, anthrax, and viral diseases, etc., caused by vegetable pests and diseases in greenhouses in winter, have recently become widespread in southern greenhouse vegetables. In particular, diseases such as downy mildew and diseases caused serious damage to cucumbers, peppers and other vegetables, resulting in varying degrees of loss. There are several ways to prevent vegetable diseases in greenhouses: (1) Strengthen field management, remove diseased leaves, diseased branches, and diseased fruits in a timely manner, and take them out of the field to centralize treatment; control watering, strengthen ventilation and ventilation in the sunny days, and reduce the temperature in the greenhouses. Use formula fertilization to increase plant disease resistance. (2) narrow ridges and high ridges, three-groove supporting cultivation. (3) Pharmacy control is mainly prevention. Prevention and control of epidemic diseases in the early stage of onset of spraying, the use of bacteria stop, Anke, product run, noble copper, Precike, Kelu, a cream of copper, can kill, Dashengfu et al pesticide, stem base and root disease can be used coarse spray And showering; spraying stems or leaves disease; governance brown spots, anthrax and so on. The use of arsenic phosphate, agricultural anti-120, B-aluminum and other agents to control downy mildew and powdery mildew. With gray grams, quick-Kling, Paopene and other prevention and control of gray mold. (4) Do a good job in monitoring the disease and forecast the occurrence period. 4, other relevant measures to maintain fruit and fruit technology. Such as the tomato flowering at low temperature, can be used 2.4-d or anti-arsenic to 10 ~ 20ppm concentration painted or sprayed flowers, to prevent falling flowers, improve fruit setting rate and fruit yield. Apply organic manure, fire-soil ash, and ash to ensure that there are sufficient nutrients and potash fertilizers and enhance the cold-resistance of vegetables. After planting, the grass cover around the plants can play a role in insulation. Pepper and other crops sprayed with 0.2% b9 foliar at the seedling stage can make the leaves dark green, thick leaves, thick stems, plants become shorter, and enhance cold resistance, drought resistance. (Yang Yugui, Department of Horticulture, Jiangxi Agricultural University)