Probiotic species and mechanism of action After being used as a feed additive, probiotics not only have the effect of improving animal husbandry performance and disease prevention, but also have the advantages of no pollution, no drug resistance and no residue, and can overcome the micro-environment caused by long-term heavy use of antibiotics and chemical drugs in feed. Ecological disorders, livestock disease resistance and declining production performance, drug resistance and product drug residues and other side effects. Probiotics are organisms that maintain the balance of the intestinal microflora and are beneficial microorganisms found in nature. At present, probiotics have been applied in various fields such as feed, agriculture, medical care and food. In the feed industry, Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus cereus are mostly used. In agriculture, Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus cereus are mostly used. Lactic acid bacteria, Bifidobacterium and Enterococcus are mostly used in medicine and health care, and yeast are mostly used in foods. Bacteria and so on. Antibiotics have been used for many years as veterinary drugs and feed additives due to their broad antibacterial spectrum. However, the long-term large-scale use of antibiotics has led to the misdiagnosis of the normal flora of the digestive tract of livestock and poultry, resulting in side effects such as decreased drug resistance and immune function and drug residues in animal products. Toward this end, at the beginning of this century, at the beginning of this century, China began to develop and apply non-toxic, non-polluting, non-resistance-free, and residue-free products at the end of the 1970s. It has the ability to prevent livestock and poultry diseases, improve the production performance of livestock and poultry, and treat maladjustment of the intestinal flora. Cause probiotics in livestock and poultry. The research and extensive application of probiotics as veterinary drugs and feed additives will bring a new situation for veterinary drugs and feed additives. After the brilliant antibiotic era, it will be a new era of probiotics. According to the U.S. Pharmaceutical and Food Administration, more than 40 kinds of safe probiotics have been identified. Probiotic strains currently used as veterinary drugs and feed additives are mainly Bacillus spp. Lactobacillus, Streptococcus faecalis, and yeast. There are single bacterial species probiotics and composite species probiotics. First, probiotic strains and production process Probiotic species The US Food and Drug Administration believes there are 40 safe probiotics, including: Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae, Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus mucilaginosus, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus subtilis, Anaerobic Bacteroides, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus celloulis, Lactobacillus curvii, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus lactis, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus routerae, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Pediococcus acidi, Bacteroides pilosicola, Bacteroides rumena, Bacteroides graminis, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Bifidobacterium animalis, Bifidobacterium infantis, Bifidobacterium longum, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium thermophilus, Lactobacillus brevis, Bulgaria Lactobacillus, Lactobacillus casei, Pediococcus breve, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Propionibacterium freudenii, Propionibacterium jensen, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Streptococcus lactis, Diacetic acid Streptococcus, Streptococcus faecalis, medium (middle) Streptococcus, Streptococcus lactis, Streptococcus thermophilus. At present, as a veterinary drug and feed additive, there are Bacillus, Lactobacillus and yeast. Production Process At present, there are two main production processes for probiotics: solid surface fermentation and large tank liquid fermentation. (1) Solid Surface Fermentation Method: This method is a process in which a mixture of sludge and a carrier cultured on a solid surface is mixed and dried. This method has a low yield, high labor intensity, and is prone to bacterial contamination. It is not suitable for industrial production, but it has low investment. (2) Large tank liquid fermentation method: The general production process of large tank liquid fermentation method is: inoculation of strains, cultivation of seed tanks, and production tank culture (if Bacillus, it should be tested that more than 80% of propagules become empty When spores are formed, aeration and agitation are stopped) → Effluent culture medium is added with appropriate amount of carrier → Drying → Crushing → Screening → Quality inspection → Probiotic product. This method is suitable for industrial production, ease of aseptic operation, but more investment. Regardless of whether it is a solid surface fermentation process or a large tank liquid fermentation process, the overall process needs to be operated in a sterile environment. The hygienic conditions in each link are very strict. Second, probiotic quality indicators The quality indicators of probiotics vary from species to species, but all should meet the following requirements: (1) Product probiotics must be tested for safety and should be non-toxic. (2) The commodity probiotics have the effect of improving the production performance of livestock and poultry and controlling certain diseases. (3) The commodity probiotics must be live bacteria, such as Bacillus probiotics containing at least 1 billion viable bacteria per gram, And can survive in the gut of livestock and poultry, adapt to the complex environmental conditions of the intestine and can carry out metabolic activities. (4) The number of bacteria containing probiotics per gram shall not be greater than 1,000, and pathogenic bacteria may not be detected. (5) Commodity probiotics should have physical properties such as uniformity in feed, and the moisture content should not exceed 8% at high temperatures. Maintains stability and survival at pellets (around 80°C) and long-term storage (half-year). Third, the role of probiotics Probiotics enter the intestinal tract of livestock and poultry fish and meet with nearly 400 normal flora in their complex micro-environment, showing complex relationships such as habitat, alternate, partial, competition, or phagocytosis. Therefore, study the mechanism of action of probiotics. It is very difficult and the current understanding of its mechanism of action can be summarized as follows: Maintaining microecological balance in the intestine The gastrointestinal flora of livestock and poultry fish is a group of bacteria formed in the course of long-term evolution and maintaining a relatively balanced and stable state with livestock and poultry fish. It has important functions in the growth and development of livestock and poultry and its ability to resist diseases. significance. When livestock and fish fish have imbalanced gastrointestinal microbial balance, production performance and disease symptoms of livestock and poultry fishes are degraded. Produce various enzymes Probiotics can produce hydrolases, fermentation enzymes, and respiratory enzymes, which are a combination of enzymes produced by various microorganisms. However, the enzymes produced by a microorganism are limited. For pigs mainly based on plant-based feeds, protease-producing, lipase-producing, and bacteriocin-rich Bacillus spp. should be selected to degrade protein, fat, and more complex carbohydrates in plant feeds. After He Mingqing et al. fed various pigs and fish with different Bacillus spp., the contents of the intestines were measured, and the amount of enzyme and enzyme activity were significantly increased, and consumption of feed was also significantly reduced. The anti-pollution effect of probiotics Because probiotics have enhanced immune function and biological antagonism of livestock and poultry, tests have proved that probiotics can synthesize bacteriocins, organic acids, lysozyme, hydrogen peroxide and other substances. This substance has an antagonistic effect on unfavorable bacteria, such as bacteriocin (peptide substance) produced by Bacillus, which has a significant inhibitory effect on Escherichia coli and Salmonella, and volatile fatty acids, lactic acid, and Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium. Hydrogen peroxide can kill E. coli and Salmonella. In addition, probiotics also have mechanisms that can synthesize vitamin B compounds and produce antibiotic substances and barriers. 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